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Shells, Shell Middens, and Archaeology |
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Shellfish are a major component of coastal ecosystems, and were an important part of First Nation’s economies. Several species were eaten and the shells were used for implements and ornamentation. Northwest Coast archaeologists often excavate archaeological sites which are dominated by shells. These sites are called shell middens. The shells from these middens provide many clues about the past.
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Shellfish as Food
Shellfish were an important part of the diet of many Northwest Coast peoples. Most kinds were eaten, including clams, mussels, oysters, chitons, whelks, barnacles, and sea urchins. Although shellfish could have been harvested throughout the year, many people collected shellfish during the summer months. Some of this food was eaten immediately, but a large part of the harvest was dried to be eaten during the winter. |
What kinds of shells are there?
 Bivalves, such as clams, have shells which are divided into halves. Specialized muscles bring the two sides of the shell together to protect the animal’s soft body.
 Gastropods, such as snails, have an asymmetric body, usually with a coiled shell into which they retreat when threatened. They move at a “snail’s pace” by the rippling motion of the elongated foot.
 Polyplacophora, also known as chitons, have an oval shell, which is divided into eight plates. The upper shell protects the soft body of the animal. |
Clam Garden, Valdez Island, BCManaging Shellfish
By managing shellfish beds, First Nations could harvest shellfish sustainably. They increased shellfish productivity by enlarging and tending natural shellfish beds. Some of these “clam gardens” were owned and managed by elite families. Clam gardens are found from Washington to Alaska.
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